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El problema de la sociedad colombiana.
Uno de los propósitos del sistema económico en el que vivimos, es convertir a las personas en consumidores, en zombies. Es por eso que el pensamiento crítico no es tan popular hoy en día, y es que importa más el «outfit» que los libros. Por obvias razones al sistema no le conviene que la gente piense o se pregunte. Ya que si pensamos de manera crítica nuestro consumo, nos daremos cuenta que detrás hay vacíos emocionales que llenar, un ego que alimentar, una apariencia y estatus que mantener, ¿pero qué fin tiene esto? ¿Cómo el ego hace que una sociedad progrese? Realmente debemos ser más concientes acerca del hecho de que somos muy fáciles de ser manipulados, de que nos inoculen inseguridades, falsos ideales de éxito, promesas de felicidad; solo siendo críticos respecto a nuestras acciones como individuos, produciremos un cambio significativo en nuestra sociedad.
Apostasía
Estoy hasta los cojones. Harto de que te digan cómo pensar, cómo actuar, cómo ser. Harto de que sean los mismos los que gobiernan desde tiempos inmemoriales, bajo el miedo a la muerte, bajo la creencia de una vida posterior. Siempre gobernando directamente o en las sombras, moviendo sus hilos a su antojo, beneficiándose del sistema en sus intereses. Hipocresía, debería ser su frase de refuerzo, su mantra que repiten a diario. Mientras predigan ayuda al prójimo, mientras dicen que luchan contra la desigualdad, engrosan sus arcas con millones de €. El Vaticano es la cuna de oro mundial, su valor supera con creces la deuda de algunos países. Con dicho oro, podrían erradicar la pobreza durante muchos años, pero no, no interesa. Sus intereses son otros, engordar su persona y su fama, seguir teniendo poder. Estar influenciando a un país supuestamente laico desde la base, dicen a tus hijos qué deben estudiar, cuántas horas tienen que dedicar a la palabra del Señor, cuánto deben pensar como ellos dictaminan y no se te ocurra salirte de su línea, que ya desde pequeños te embaucan. Pero yo tengo fé, una fé distinta, una fé en la humanidad, en lo tangible, en aquello que veo día a día. Algún día vuestro poder creado a base de miedo y sangre os será revatado. Áquellos a los que obligastéis a poner la venda en los ojos ya se la están quitando, cada vez son más. Se unen, se ayudan y todo para poder dar a sus hijos una educación y una vida, en la que ellos sean los protagonistas y tomen sus propias decisiones. Cada vez son más los padres que no bautizan a sus hijos recién nacidos y les dan la oportunidad de elegir, de que conozcan, de que exploren. Para que en un futuro puedan tener la opción de decidir. Así que tú debes dar el primer paso, di no a la Iglesia. No marques la X en la renta, s te vas a casar, hazlo por lo civil, cuando te mueras deja claro que no sea un rito religioso. No apoyes a obras de caridad eclesiásticas, no les des más poder. Di sí a la apostasía. Sé apóstata, es así de fácil. http://apostatar.wordpress.com/como-apostatar-informacion-practica/
Ula uuuula, Ula uuuula
Los pacos matan gente
Y la tele manipula
Puta, maraca
Pero nunca paca
Gritos que se quedan en mi mente.
Chile, un país que lucha para que en tercero y cuarto medio las materias de historia y educación física no sean obligatorias
El otro día me enteré que el gobierno quería que historia y educación física sean materias optativas en los años de tercero y cuarto medio.
Quieren hacer esto en un país que presenta un altísimo nivel de sobrepeso, de obesidad y de problemas generados por falta de deporte.
Quieren hacer esto a niños de 16, 17 o 18 años, no enseñarles lo que ha ocurrido en otras épocas, cosas que ayudan a entender porque las cosas hoy en día están como están.
Historia es una asignatura que posee como uno de sus fines, el pensamiento crítico, pero al estado no le sirve que los jóvenes posean un pensamiento crítico.
El pensamiento crítico, los sacaría de donde están, porque entonces la gente sabría de su corrupción, de sus mentiras, de sus robos, de sus estafas. Sabrían que hay mejores soluciones que las que ellos plantean (que misteriosamente llevan a su propio beneficio generalmente).
Al gobierno no le importa que te cuestiones, prefiere que no lo hagas, los colegios de por si, son una forma de amaestrarte como a los perros. A esta hora comes, en este momento te sientas hasta que yo te lo diga, no uses esa palabra, usa esta ropa, tu pelo debe ser de tal manera. ¿Hasta cuándo dejaremos que esto ocurra?
La educación es una mierda
Niños de 4 años se preocupan si no obtienen una carita feliz
Niños de 5 años consumen pastillas por ser "hiperactivos"
Niños de 6 años deben pasar la mitad de su día en el colegio
Niños de 7 años pasan más tiempo sumando que jugando
Niños de 8 años son castigados por conversar con sus amistades o por pararse
Niños de 9 años no pueden ir al baño si lo desean porque se "desconcentran"
Niños de 10 años lo único que esperan es el recreo
Niños de 11 años estresados por la cantidad de pruebas
Niños de 12 años que sólo esperan salir del colegio de una vez
Niños de 13 años que no quieren leer porque es aburrido
Niños de 14 años se preocupan por no saber que harán el resto de su vida
Niños de 15 años con depresión porque son peores ya que sus notas lo dicen
Niños de 16 años no tienen tiempo más que para estudiar y dormir
Niños de 17 años se drogan ya que es su única salida para su estrés y problemas
Niños de 18 años sin ser maduros son obligados a tomar la decisión más importante de su vida
La educación debería ser algo bueno para los niños, no algo perjudicial. El mundo obliga a que los niños estén sentados 8 horas, algo anti-natural. La educación debería ser atractiva para los niños y no tan cerrada. Deberían haber métodos para todos.
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What is The Process Of Sleep?
Introduction
Sleep is a complex physiological process that encompasses more than merely closing one’s eyes and drifting into unconsciousness. It is an active state of unconsciousness in which the brain, while relatively at rest, remains responsive primarily to internal stimuli. Despite extensive research, the precise purpose of sleep remains incompletely understood. Several prominent theories attempt to elaborate the purpose of sleep, including the Inactivity Theory, Energy Conservation Theory, Restoration Theory, and Brain Plasticity Theory.
Inactivity Theory involves that inactivity during nighttime reduces the risk of predation, offering an evolutionary advantage. This theory suggests that creatures that remained inactive during the night were less likely to fall victim to predators, thereby enhancing survival and reproductive success.
Energy Conservation Theory proposes that the primary function of sleep is to decrease energy demand during periods when it is less efficient to procure food, supported by evidence of a 10% reduction in metabolism during sleep. This theory aligns with the observation that many species exhibit lower metabolic rates during sleep, thereby conserving energy.
Restorative Theory asserts that sleep facilitates the repair and replenishment of cellular components, as evidenced by processes such as muscle repair, tissue growth, protein synthesis, and hormone release occurring predominantly during sleep. This theory is supported by findings that various restorative functions are activated during sleep, promoting physical health and well-being.
Brain Plasticity Theory suggests that sleep is essential for neural reorganization and brain development, particularly in infants and children who require extensive sleep. This theory underscores the role of sleep in cognitive functions, learning, and memory consolidation.
These theories collectively indicate that sleep serves multiple functions, and a combination of these concepts likely explains the necessity of sleep.
Function
Sleep follows a cyclical pattern, alternating between two major phases: Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is subdivided into stages 1 through 3, each representing different depths of sleep characterized by unique brain wave patterns, muscle tone, and eye movement patterns. NREM sleep comprises approximately 75–80% of total sleep time, while REM sleep accounts for the remaining 20–25%.
The sleep cycle begins with a short NREM stage 1 phase, progresses through NREM stages 2 and 3, and culminates in REM sleep. This cycle repeats throughout the night, with initial cycles lasting 70–100 minutes and subsequent cycles 90–120 minutes. As the night progresses, the duration of REM sleep increases, eventually comprising up to 30% of the sleep cycle later in the night. Typically, an individual undergoes 4 to 5 sleep cycles per night.
NREM Stage 1: A shallow sleep stage lasting 1–7 minutes, characterized by rhythmical alpha waves (8–13 Hz). This stage represents the transition from wakefulness to sleep, during which the individual can be easily awakened.
NREM Stage 2: A deeper sleep state lasting 10–25 minutes initially, progressing to encompass 50% of the total sleep cycle. EEG recordings during this stage show sleep spindles and K-complexes. Memory consolidation is believed to occur primarily in this stage.
NREM Stage 3: Lasting 20–40 minutes initially, characterized by high-voltage, slow-wave frequency on EEG. This stage, also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS), is crucial for restorative processes.
REM Sleep: Responsible for dreaming, characterized by muscle paralysis (except for the extraocular muscles) and sawtooth waveforms on EEG. REM sleep involves increased brain activity and is essential for cognitive functions such as learning, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation.
Mechanism
The regulation of sleep involves a delicate balance between homeostatic processes and circadian rhythms.
a) Homeostatic Processes
These processes reflect the body’s need for sleep, increasing the pressure to sleep the longer one stays awake. Sleep generation is initiated within the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the anterior hypothalamus, which inhibits arousal regions in the brain, including the tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe, laterodorsally segmental nucleus. Hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus facilitate this process synergistically.
b) Circadian Rhythm
The circadian rhythm, or the internal body clock, regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is influenced by light levels detected by the retina. The hypothalamus, particularly the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN),initiates this rhythm. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, modulates the circadian rhythm, with levels peaking at night and decreasing during the day. The circadian rhythm typically spans approximately 24.2 hours, and variations in body temperature also play a role, with lower temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the evening.
NREM sleep involves a functional disconnection between the brain stem, thalamus, and cortex, maintained by hyperpolarizing GABA neurons. During this phase, corticothalamic neurons signal the thalamus, causing hyperpolarization of thalamic reticular neurons, resulting in delta waves from both thalamic reticular and cortical pyramidal sources.
REM sleep is generated by “REM-on neurons” in the mesencephalic and pontine cholinergic neurons. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and lateral dorsal tegmental neurons trigger desynchronized cortical waveforms. The tonic component of REM sleep is parasympathetically mediated, while the phasic component is sympathetically mediated.
Related Testing
Polysomnography is the primary modality used to study sleep. It is a comprehensive test that includes an electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), electromyography (EMG), and oxygen saturation monitoring.
ECG: Measures the electrical activity of the heart to detect cardiac anomalies such as arrhythmias.
EEG: Non-invasively records brain wave activity to determine sleep stages and detect neurological abnormalities.
EOG: Measures eye movements to differentiate between NREM and REM sleep.
EMG: Assesses muscle activity, particularly in the respiratory muscles and peripheral limbs, to detect excessive movement or muscle tension during sleep.
Oxygen Saturation: Monitors respiratory function to ensure adequate oxygenation during sleep.
Clinical Significance
a) .Insomnia
Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep and is the most common sleep disorder. It is often related to psychological stressors, poor sleep environments, irregular sleep schedules, or excessive mental, physical, or chemical stimulation. Treatment typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), sleep hygiene practices, and, in some cases, pharmacological interventions.
b) .Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
OSA is marked by repeated pauses in breathing during sleep due to airway obstruction, often caused by obesity or weak pharyngeal muscles. This condition leads to hypoxia and frequent awakenings, preventing restful sleep. OSA is classified into mild, moderate, and severe based on the frequency of apneic episodes per hour. Treatment options include Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy, Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) therapy, mandibular advancement devices, and surgical interventions such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, adenotonsillectomy, and maxillomandibular advancement.
c) .Central Sleep Apnea
Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) results from a failure in the central respiratory drive, leading to diminished breathing effort during sleep. Conditions such as congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine’s curse) or congestive heart failure can cause CSA. Treatment includes CPAP, BiPAP, Adaptive-servo-ventilation, and medications like acetazolamide or theophylline.
d) .Mixed Sleep Apnea
Mixed Sleep Apnea, also known as Complex Sleep Apnea, involves symptoms of both OSA and CSA. This condition typically manifests when patients with OSA develop CSA symptoms upon treatment with CPAP. Treatment often involves low-pressure CPAP therapy.
d) .Ghrelin-Leptin Abnormalities
Sleep duration significantly influences hunger-regulating hormones, with reduced sleep linked to lower levels of leptin and higher levels of ghrelin. Leptin, produced by adipose cells, inhibits hunger, while ghrelin, produced in the gastrointestinal tract, stimulates appetite. Imbalances in these hormones due to inadequate sleep can increase appetite and contribute to higher body mass index (BMI), potentially leading to obesity. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in patients with OSA, where increased BMI is a risk factor.
e) .Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is characterized by a loss of orexin (hypocretin) neurons, leading to unstable transitions between sleep and wakefulness. Symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. Narcolepsy type 1 involves a significant loss of orexin neurons, while type 2 is less severe. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with medications such as stimulants, sodium oxybate, and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs and SNRIs), along with lifestyle modifications.
f) .Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)
Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, involves performing activities while in a state of combined sleep and wakefulness. Sleepwalking is associated with increased slow-wave sleep and sleep deprivation, and there is evidence of a genetic predisposition. Treatment includes ensuring a safe sleep environment, improving sleep hygiene, and, in some cases, pharmacological interventions such as benzodiazepines.
Conclusion
Sleep is a physiological process essential for various bodily functions, including energy conservation, cellular repair, brain development, and cognitive function. The precise mechanisms and purposes of sleep remain areas of active research. Understanding the complexities of sleep and its disorders is crucial for promoting overall health and addressing various medical conditions. Ongoing research aims to fully understand the mechanisms of sleep and its broad implications for human health..
Navigating the rigorous demands of medical studies requires support and collaboration. Whether you’re a nursing student, medical doctor, clinical student, pharmacist, or any other medical practitioner, don’t hesitate to seek assistance. Utilize available resources and value teamwork and mentorship.
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How To Write A Dissertation Or Thesis
Writing a dissertation or thesis involves a structured process that requires careful planning and execution. Here’s a detailed discussion, covering the key steps in the dissertation writing process.
Step 1: Understand what a dissertation is.
A dissertation is a formal piece of research that follows the standard research process, involving four key steps:
Ask a specific, well-articulated research question(s): Clearly define the focus of your study.
Review existing literature: Explore what other researchers have said about your question.
Undertake your own research: Collect and analyze data in a scientifically rigorous fashion.
Answer your original question(s): Base your conclusions on your analysis findings.
Ensure that your dissertation is a formal piece of research, avoiding personal opinions or preconceived ideas.
Step 2: Find a unique, valuable research topic
Select a research topic that possesses three key attributes:
Clear: Clearly articulate what you plan to research, the questions you want to answer, and the context of your study.
Unique: Address questions that haven’t been answered before, or explore them in a specific context.
Important: Ensure that your research creates value, contributing to the field of research or industry.
Conduct thorough research to identify a topic that is both unique and valuable.
Step 3: Write a convincing research proposal
Craft a research proposal that convinces your university or committee of the worthiness of your research. Your proposal should include:
Clearly articulated, unique, and important topic: Justify why your research is significant.
Review of existing literature: Demonstrate that you’ve done enough reading to identify a clear gap for original research.
Provisional plan: Outline how you will collect and analyze data (methodology).
Show that you’ve done your homework and that your research is worthy of approval.
Step 4: Craft a strong introduction chapter
Use your approved proposal as the basis for your introduction chapter, which should include:
Brief background to the study: Explain the overall area of research.
Problem statement: Identify the problem with the current state of research.
Research questions: Outline the specific questions your study will seek to answer.
Significance of your study: Explain why your research is important and how its findings will be useful.
The introduction sets the scene for your research and justifies your research topic.
Step 5: Undertake an in-depth literature review
Go beyond initial literature review steps and create a comprehensive literature review chapter by:
Reading up: Deep dive into existing literature to understand the current state of research.
Writing up: Synthesize existing research, highlight a research gap, and use the literature to inform your methodology.
The literature review is the foundation on which your research is built.
Step 6: Carry out your own research
Design a research strategy and craft a methodology chapter that explains the “how” of your research:
Design your research strategy: Decide on your research philosophy, methodology, data collection, and analysis strategy.
Execute: Collect and analyze your data based on your research design.
Ensure your research design aligns with your topic, research questions, and data.
Step 7: Present your findings
Present your findings in two chapters — results and discussion. The results chapter should present processed data, while the discussion chapter provides your interpretation of the results:
Results chapter: Present processed data without interpretation.
Discussion chapter: Explain the story the data are telling and interpret the results in relation to your research questions.
Link your discussion back to your research questions outlined in the introduction.
Step 8: Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications
In the conclusion chapter, summarize key findings and discuss their implications:
Key findings: Highlight results directly related to your research questions.
Implications: Explain what your findings mean for industry or research in your area.
Bring your research full circle by answering the “what” and “so what?” questions.
Remember to check your university’s requirements for additional elements like the abstract, reference list, and appendices. Writing a dissertation is a detailed process, but by following these steps, you can craft a high-quality, well-structured document.
Wishing you all the best in writing your Dissertation, we hope this discussion will help.
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