Sleepysneezeydopeydoc-blog - Physics Nerd

BeerBellyBlunt

Dark Energy

Dark energy is in physical cosmology and astrology as an unknown form of energy that permeates through space making up for 68.3% of the observable universe (dark matter takes up 26.8%, only 4.9% is ordinary matter). Dark energy is currently the most accepted hypothesis to explain why the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate (if the observable universe comprised of only the ordinary matter we see, the universe would be expanding at a much slower rate than it currently is thus meaning dark matter and dark energy make up the mass for the accelerated rate of expansion). On a mass–energy equivalence basis, the density of dark energy (6.91 × 10^−27 kg/m3) is very low, much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies.

Dark energy is not known to react with any of the fundamental forces other than gravity. It clearly has a large impact on the universe making up for 68.3% of universal density, only because it fills an otherwise empty space. The two current leading models are a cosmological constant and quintessence. Both models conclude that dark energy must have a negative pressure.

The effect of dark energy: a small constant negative pressure of vacuum

M-theory

Membrane theory is a relatively new theory in the world of physics. It has been backed by Stephen Hawking as being the only candidate for the complete theory of the universe.

M-theory has been growing very popular in recent years. This is because it ties together the existing string theories into one relatively simple (mathematically) depiction of the universe. The true origins start with the older string theories that came about in the 80’s. This outlined how all the different forms of energy in the universe could be constructed out of hypothetical one dimensional “strings”. The current M-theory now believes in an 11 dimensional space (this was previously 10 in earlier versions of string theories but the introduction of supergravity increased the count to 11). Now we live in a 3D space with a total of four observable dimensions meaning that there are another 5 we cannot detect. Now in string theory, it was hypothesised that depending on how the strings vibrate the might be seen in 3 dimensions as matter, light or gravity. The problem with string theory was that different equations used to describe the vibrations of the strings kept coming out and they all appeared to be correct. Then what happened was M-theory which said that it’s possible that all the equations are describing the same thing but from a different perspective.

My current understanding of M-theory is that there are lots of 2D membranes which are in an 11D space. These two dimensional branes are not fixed in this eleven dimensional space and move around. When they collide a new 2D brane is created and it is thought that when this happens it is similar to a Big Bang. So it’s entirely possible that out universe is really a 2D membrane in an 11D space.

The first image is a Calabi-Yau manifold. It’s a multi-dimensional mathematic structure and is very significant to M-theory, all they have to do is find the “right” one.

I can relate to three out of four of them 🙃

😂😂

Kustomwerks Rat Rod start up, exhaust sound

Kustomwerks black and red Rat Rod at High Point University car show. Sitting low and very loud exhaust. Hear the start up sound of the exhaust and watch it r...

Crazy loud Kustomwerks Rat Rod, listen to that exhaust from the American Muscle

I wish I could have been there.

Daytona beach 1957

Each trig function in terms of the other five: color coded. Idk I’m just playin’ around in LaTeX and thought this table on Wikipedia would be worth color coding on its own so I made this little ditty. The reciprocal functions are the lighter colors of their regular trig counterparts. I wouldn’t call this a final version, but, hey, it’s pretty cute. High five for pattern recognition.

Get you best paper, cut a circle and fold it so that the circumference falls on a fixed point inside. Repeat, using random folds. Now see the creases. This is how you paper-fold an ellipse.